Google’s system leverages optical circuit switching (OCS) to create direct, low-latency optical paths between TPU chips, minimizing signal conversion losses. They avoid repeated optical-electrical-optical transformations. This enables efficient data sharing across thousands of chips in a single pod, with signals remaining in the optical domain for most inter-chip communication. Ironwood, seventh generation TPU, is purpose-built ...

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Link :
https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2025/11/highly-customized-optical-networking-critical-for-googles-tensor-processing-units-tpus.html